Powder Coating Introduction In details
What is powder coating?
Powder coating is by far the youngest of the surface finishing techniques in common use today. It was first used in Australia about 1967.
Powder coating is the technique of applying dry paint to a part. The final cured coating is the same as a 2-pack wet paint. In normal wet painting such as house paints, the solids are in suspension in a liquid carrier, which must evaporate before the solid paint coating is produced.
In powder coating, the powdered paint may be applied by either of two techniques.
♦The item is lowered into a fluidised bed of the powder, which may or may not be
electrostatically charged, or
♦The powdered paint is electrostatically charged and sprayed onto the part.
The part is then placed in an oven and the powder particles melt and coalesce to form a continuous film.
There are two main types of powder available to the surface finisher:
♦Thermoplastic powders that will remelt when heated, and
♦Thermosetting powders that will not remelt upon reheating. During the curing process (in the oven) a chemical cross-linking reaction is triggered at the curing temperature and it is this chemical reaction which gives the powder coating many of its desirable properties.
Preparation
The basis of any good coating is preparation. The vast majority of powder coating failures can be traced to a lack of a suitable preparation.
The preparation treatment is different for different materials.
In general, for all applications the preparation treatment for aluminium is as follows:
Clean Or Clean
Rinse Rinse
Etch Etch
Rinse Rinse
Chromate Phosphate
Rinse Rinse
Demin Rinse Demin Rinse
Oils and greases are removed in weak alkali or neutral detergent solutions and the surface is etched to remove heavy oxides. After rinsing, the aluminium is dipped into a chromate or phosphate solution to form a conversion coating on the aluminium. This film is chemically attached to the aluminium. After rinsing the aluminium is finally rinsed in demineralised water. Some non-chrome, dried in place pretreatment is beginning to come onto the market; currently, these are not recommended for exterior applications.
The conversion coating has two functions:
♦It presents a surface to the powder which favours adhesion more than the oxides that
form very readily on aluminium surfaces, and
♦It reduces the incidence of under film corrosion, which may occur at holidays in the coating.
The use of demineralised water reduces the presence of chemical salts on the aluminium surface. These salts have been found to cause filiform corrosion in humid conditions.
For steel the preparation for interior applications may be:
Clean
Rinse
Derust
Rinse
Iron Phosphate
Rinse
Acidulated Rinse
For exterior applications:
Clean
Rinse
Etch
Rinse
Grain Refine
Zinc Phosphate
Rinse
Acidulated Rinse
The grain refiner is used after acid cleaning of steel surfaces and before zinc phosphating, otherwise the zinc phosphate coatings produced will be very coarse with low adhesion. The powder coating applied to a coarse phosphate will produce rough coatings (a little like "sandpaper") and possess low adhesion.
For hot dipped galvanized coatings, which have been stored for more than about 4 hours before powder coating, the following process is necessary for exterior applications.
Clean
Rinse
Etch
Rinse
Grain Refiner
Rinse
Zinc Phosphate
Acidulated Rinse
The etch is required to remove the zinc corrosion products which begin to form almost immediately the zinc is removed from the galvanizing kettle. The grain refiner ensures a fine phosphate is produced.
MELT, FLOW, GEL, CURE
The final coating is continuous and will vary from high gloss to flat matt depending on the design of the powder by the supplier.
Powder coating guns
There are at east three types of electrostatic guns in use:
♦Corona charging guns where electric power is used to generate the electrostatic charge.
Corona guns are either internal or external charging.
♦Tribo charging guns where the electrostatic charge is generated by friction between the
powder and the gun barrel.
♦"Bell" charging guns where the powder is charged by being "flung" from the perimeter of
the "bell"
Powder coating is by far the youngest of the surface finishing techniques in common use today. It was first used in Australia about 1967.
Powder coating is the technique of applying dry paint to a part. The final cured coating is the same as a 2-pack wet paint. In normal wet painting such as house paints, the solids are in suspension in a liquid carrier, which must evaporate before the solid paint coating is produced.
In powder coating, the powdered paint may be applied by either of two techniques.
♦The item is lowered into a fluidised bed of the powder, which may or may not be
electrostatically charged, or
♦The powdered paint is electrostatically charged and sprayed onto the part.
The part is then placed in an oven and the powder particles melt and coalesce to form a continuous film.
There are two main types of powder available to the surface finisher:
♦Thermoplastic powders that will remelt when heated, and
♦Thermosetting powders that will not remelt upon reheating. During the curing process (in the oven) a chemical cross-linking reaction is triggered at the curing temperature and it is this chemical reaction which gives the powder coating many of its desirable properties.
Preparation
The basis of any good coating is preparation. The vast majority of powder coating failures can be traced to a lack of a suitable preparation.
The preparation treatment is different for different materials.
In general, for all applications the preparation treatment for aluminium is as follows:
Clean Or Clean
Rinse Rinse
Etch Etch
Rinse Rinse
Chromate Phosphate
Rinse Rinse
Demin Rinse Demin Rinse
Oils and greases are removed in weak alkali or neutral detergent solutions and the surface is etched to remove heavy oxides. After rinsing, the aluminium is dipped into a chromate or phosphate solution to form a conversion coating on the aluminium. This film is chemically attached to the aluminium. After rinsing the aluminium is finally rinsed in demineralised water. Some non-chrome, dried in place pretreatment is beginning to come onto the market; currently, these are not recommended for exterior applications.
The conversion coating has two functions:
♦It presents a surface to the powder which favours adhesion more than the oxides that
form very readily on aluminium surfaces, and
♦It reduces the incidence of under film corrosion, which may occur at holidays in the coating.
The use of demineralised water reduces the presence of chemical salts on the aluminium surface. These salts have been found to cause filiform corrosion in humid conditions.
For steel the preparation for interior applications may be:
Clean
Rinse
Derust
Rinse
Iron Phosphate
Rinse
Acidulated Rinse
For exterior applications:
Clean
Rinse
Etch
Rinse
Grain Refine
Zinc Phosphate
Rinse
Acidulated Rinse
The grain refiner is used after acid cleaning of steel surfaces and before zinc phosphating, otherwise the zinc phosphate coatings produced will be very coarse with low adhesion. The powder coating applied to a coarse phosphate will produce rough coatings (a little like "sandpaper") and possess low adhesion.
For hot dipped galvanized coatings, which have been stored for more than about 4 hours before powder coating, the following process is necessary for exterior applications.
Clean
Rinse
Etch
Rinse
Grain Refiner
Rinse
Zinc Phosphate
Acidulated Rinse
The etch is required to remove the zinc corrosion products which begin to form almost immediately the zinc is removed from the galvanizing kettle. The grain refiner ensures a fine phosphate is produced.
| How is it done -- electrostatic spray? |
|
Before the powder is sent to the gun it is fluidised: ♦to separate the individual grains of powder and so improve the electrostatic charge that can be applied to the powder and ♦so that the powder flows more easily to the gun. Because the powder particles are electrostatically charged, the powder wraps around to the back of the part as it passes by towards the air offtake system. By collecting the powder, which passes by the job, and filtering it, the efficiency of the process can be increased to 95% material usage. The powder will remain attached to the part as long as some of the electrostatic charge remains on the powder. To obtain the final solid, tough, abrasion resistant coating the powder coated items are placed in an oven and heated to temperatures that range from 160 to 210 degrees C (depending on the powder). Under the influence of heat a thermosetting powder goes through 4 stages to full cure. |
MELT, FLOW, GEL, CURE
The final coating is continuous and will vary from high gloss to flat matt depending on the design of the powder by the supplier.
Powder coating guns
There are at east three types of electrostatic guns in use:
♦Corona charging guns where electric power is used to generate the electrostatic charge.
Corona guns are either internal or external charging.
♦Tribo charging guns where the electrostatic charge is generated by friction between the
powder and the gun barrel.
♦"Bell" charging guns where the powder is charged by being "flung" from the perimeter of
the "bell"
